中考英语语法专项复习：词类-中考指导-外研·八年级英语下册259页

中考英语语法专项复习：词类 名词Noun(n.)：表示人或事物的名称。如：boy / pencil / book 冠词Article(art.)：用在名称前帮助说明名词所指的人或事物。如：a(an) / the 代词Pronoun(pron.)：用来代替名词、形容词或数词。如：we / that / his / what 形容词Adjective(adj.)：用以修饰名词、表示人或事物特征。如：old / red / fine 数词Numeral(num.)：表示数量或顺序。如：one / thirteen / first 动词Verb(v.)：表示动作或状态。如：look / go / be (am / is / are ) 副词Adverb(adv.)：用以修饰动词、形容词或其他副词。如：not / too / here / often 介词Preposition(prep)：表示名词、代词等和句中其他词的关系。如：in / on / of / to / under 连词Conjunction(conj.)：用来连接词与词、短语与短语或句与句。如：and / or / but 感叹词Interjection(interj.)：表示说话时的喜悦、惊讶等情感。如：oh /hello / hi 一 名词Noun(n.) 名词表示人或事物的名称. ◆一 名词的分类 专有名词：John / China 普通名词：可数名词 个体名词：book / table / horse 集体名词：family / class / police 不可数名词 物质名词water / rice / snow 抽象名词：health / knowledge / love ◇ 专有名词: 表示具体的人、物、地点、节日等，通常由一个名词或一个词组构成:Jenny / Hong Kong / Christmas Day首字母要大写，但专有名词中的虚词（冠词、介词）的第一个字母不用大写:the Great Wall ◆二 可数名词（可以用数来计量）的复数 ⒈ 规则变化 ① 一般直接加-s .如：boy → boys cup → cups ② 以-s,-x,-ch,-sh,结尾加-es, 如：watch → watches box → boxes ③ 以“辅音字母+y ”结尾变y为i再加-es.如：story → stories baby → babies ④ 以f,fe结尾变f,fe为ves .如：knife → knives wife → wives thief → thieves leaf → leaves scarf → scarves life → lives half → halves ﹡roof → roofs ⑤ 以o 结尾 加-s 如：radio → radios photo → photos piano → pianos zoo → zoos 加-es 如：hero → heroes potato → potatoes tomato → tomatoes 英雄喜欢吃土豆和西红柿。 ⒉ 不规则变化 ① 单复数同形：sheep → sheep fish → fish Chinese → Chinese Japanese → Japanese deer → deer yuan → yuan ※dollar → dollars ② 只有复数形式：clothes glasses chopsticks goods trousers pants shorts ③ 特殊变化：child → children foot → feet tooth → teeth mouse → mice man → men woman → women ※toothbrush → toothbrushes ④ 复合名词的复数形式： a. 当有man和woman时，前后两部分都变成复数形式a man doctor → two men doctors a woman teacher → three women teachers b. 其他只变最后一个名词为复数形式 an apple tree → lots of apple trees beef and tomato noodles ◆三 不可数名词（不可以用数来计量）的计量 ⒈ 可数名词表示具体的数量，可以直接用数词来修饰：two apples ten persons ⒉ 不可数名词必须与表示数量的名词连用，构成：数词+量词+of+不可数名词 a piece of bread two cups of coffee three glasses of milk four boxes of chalk five bags of rice six drops of water seven pieces of news eight pairs of glasses ◆四 名词所有格:表示名词之间的所有关系，连接两个名词 两种形式：’s所有格→Beijing is China’s capital. of所有格→Beijing is the capital of China. ⒈ 有生命名词所有格：一般加-’s. Tom’s desk Children’s Day 以s结尾的复数名词只加’ teachers’ office students’ books ※ 如果一样东西为两人共同所有，则在最后一个名词上加-’s（共有）This is Mary and Lily’s room . / He is Tom and Tim’s father . 如果表示各自所有，则两个名词词尾分别加-’s（分别有）These are Mary’s and Lily’s rooms./These are Tom’s and Tim’s books . ⒉ 无生命名词所有格 : 名词+of+名词 the map of China / the door of the room ※ 双重所有格 of +名词所有格：He is friend of my brother’s . of+名词性物主代词：This is a book of mine . ◆五 可数名词与不可数名词的修饰词 修饰可数名词：many / a few / few (There are many trees .) 修饰不可数名词：much / a little / little (We have much homework to do .) 共有的：some / any / a lot of / lots of /plenty of 提问：可数名词→How many bananas do you need ? 不可数名词→How much yogurt do you need ? ※ 不可数名词没有复数形式，不能用a,an修饰，也不能用many,few,several等修饰。不可数名词作主语，谓语用单数。如：The honey is very sweet . ※ 有些名词需要用复数形式作定语。 a clothes shop sports meeting glasses store ◇ 名词的句法功能 作主语：Math is my favorite subject . 作宾语：I bought a computer last year . 作表语：He is a clever student . 作宾补：We call him Uncle Wang . 作定语：There’re some apple trees over there . 作状语：I go to school every day . 作呼语：Hello ,boys and girls . 练习 一． 用所给词的正确形式填空。 1. We want to go to the __________ (great wall) . 2. How many ________ (chicken) are there under the tree ? 3. He likes ________ (chicken) very much , It’s very nice . 4. There are two ________ (mouse) in the cage . 5. The doctor saved their ________ (life) . 6. The child has two ________ (tooth) . 7. I have some good _______ (news) for you . 8. There is a group of _______ (fish) in the water . 9. These are _________ (German) . 10. She has many __________ (girl friend) . 11. We want to have some __________ (man teacher) in our school . 12. Please give me some _________ (advice) . 13. I have a lot of ________ (money) . 14. We want two ______ (cup) of ______ (tea) . 15. These are ________ (children) clothes . 16. This room is ______________ (my brother and I) . 17. These books are ______________ (Kate and her sister) . 18. I have a cold I have to go to the _________ (doctor) . 19. Is this Tom’s coat or _________ (Bob) ? 20. There will be a ________ (sport) meeting next week . 21. There is some ________ (meat)on the table . 22. Today is _________　（woman）Day . 23. There are many _________ (visit) to come to my hometown every year . 24. We want to do some ________ (shop) on Sunday . 25. Walking is good for our _________ (healthy) . 26. He is a famous _________ (music) . 27. The boy is in ________ (dangerous) . 28. You can see many _________ (leaf) on the ground in autumn . 29. Who is the __________ (win) of the game . 30. There are _________ (hundred) of people there . 二． 单项选择 1.Sheep _____ white and milk _____ also white . A. is ; are B. are ; s C. are ; are 2. How wonderful ! The _____ is made of _____ . A. house ; glass B. house ; glasses C. houses ; glass 3. _____ are made of _____ . A. Glass ; glasses B. Glasses ; glasses C. Glasses ; glass 4. _____ room is next to their parents’ . A. Kate and Joan B. Kate’s and Joan’s C. Kate and Joan’s 5. There are few _____ in the fridge , Let’s go and buy some peas , carrots and cabbages . A. vegetables B. meat C. fruit 6.Yangpu Bridge is one of _____ in the world . A. the biggest bridge B. the biggest bridges C. bigger bridges 7. Look ! There are some _____ on the floor . A . water B . child C. boxes 8. I’m hungry, Please give me _____. A. a piece of bread B. two pieces of breads C.