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  • 2023-11-28 04:50:02 发布

现在完成时 (1)-语法-外研·八年级英语下册2

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现在完成时 接触一:肯定句式   现在完成时的肯定句式是“have(has)+过去分词”。如:   ① We have just finished our homework. ② She has gone home. 注意:1)该句式中的have或has是助动词,has用于第三人称单数,其它人称一律用have。 2)该句式中have(has)和过去分词之间可用just插入。 3)把该句式译成汉语时,往往用“已经”、“刚刚”、“过”或“了”等。 接触二:疑问句式   现在完成时的一般疑问句式是把助动词have或has提到主语之前。如:   ③ Have you read this story book yet?   特殊疑问句及反意疑问句结构如下:   ④ What have you done with my bike?   ⑤ Youve read this story book, havent you? 注意:1)现在完成时的一般疑问句往往在句末加yet。 2)把现在完成时的一般疑问句译成汉语时,往往译成“……过吗?”、“已经……了吗?”等。 3)其肯定回答用“Yes,...have(has).”,否定回答用“No,...havent(hasnt).”,有时用“No,not yet.”或“No,never.”。 接触三:否定句式:现在完成时的否定句式是“havent(hasnt)+过去分词”。如:   ⑥ We havent studied Unit 2 yet. ⑦ The train hasnt stopped yet.   注意:1)现在完成时的否定句句末往往加yet。2)否定句常译为“还没有……”等。 现在完成时巩固练习(一)   I. 用所给动词的适当形式填空。   1. I______never______(speak)to a foreigner.   2. —______Tom______(return)the library book? —Yes,he has.    —When________he________(return)it? —Half an hour ago.   II. 按要求转换下列各句,每空一词。   1. He has found nothing in the room.(改为一般疑问句) ________he found________in the room?   2. I have already finished the work.(改为否定句)    I________finished the work________.   3. She has got a notebook. (对划线部分提问)    ________ ________she got? 4. Theyve never learned Japanese,_______ ________(改为反意疑问句) 接触四:用法之一:现在完成时表示过去发生或完成的某一动作对现在造成的影响或结果。如: Have you read that story?你读过那个故事吗? (“读”这一动作发生在过去,对现在造成的影响是:是否知道故事的内容。) I have bought two apples. 我买了两个苹果。 (“买”这一动作发生在过去,对现在造成的结果是:拥有两个苹果。)   在学习这一概念的同时,还应注意常与现在完成时连用的几个副词:already,just,ever,yet,never等。already,just多用于肯定句中,ever,yet,never多用于疑问句和否定句中。如:   I have already finished my homework.我已经做完家庭作业了。   He has just had his meal.他刚吃过饭。   Have you ever sung this English song?你曾唱过这首英文歌吗?   They havent started yet.他们还没有动身。 We have never heard of it.我们从来没有听说过这件事。 接触五:用法之二 :表示过去已经开始,一直持续到现在的动作或状态。 注:这一用法即现在完成进行时的用法 因为表示的是持续的动作或状态,所以使用的动词通常是延续性动词:be, stay, study, wait, keep, have… 等; 使用的时间状语通常由for或since 引导,但二者后接的词有所不同: for后常跟一个时间段,指某个动作到现在为止已持续了多长时间,如for three years, for half an hour等。 since 作介词,后面可以接一个时间点,如since 1980,也可以接“一段时间+ago”, 如: since three years ago, since two months ago等。 since 还可用作连词,引导一个过去时态的时间状语从句。 如:We have known each other since we went to college. 非延续性动词不能直接和for 或since 连用,但我们可以找一个相应的延续性动词或动词短语来替换这些非延续性动词,如: come→be, come to→be in / at, go out→ be out, leave→be away, begin / start→be on, stop→ be over,buy→ have, borrow→ keep, open→be open, close→be closed, join→be a member of, die→be dead, catch a cold→have a cold, get to know→know, become a teacher →be a teacher, fall asleep→be asleep, fall ill→ be ill等。 句型It is the first (second, third...) time that...的that从句中, 谓语动词须用现在完成时,表示到说话时为止动作发生过几次。如:It is the first time that I have been here. 接触六:现在完成时与一般过去时的用法比较   现在完成时表示过去的动作对现在造成的影响;一般过去时表示动作发生的时间在过去。试比较:   The plane has arrived . 飞机已经来了。(说明现在的情况:飞机在这儿。)   The plane arrived a quarter of an hour ago. 飞机是一刻钟以前抵达的。(强调动作发生的时间在过去。) 接触七:have been in, have been to 与have gone to 的用法   1. have(has) been in 意为“已经在某地呆了多长时间”,常与表示一段时间的状语连用。如:    Mr. Brown has been in Shanghai for three days. 布朗先生来上海已经有三天了。    They have been in Canada for five years. 他们到加拿大有五年了。 2. have(has) been to意为“曾经去过某地”,表示现在已经不在那里了。 可与just, ever, never等连用。如:    Ive just been to the post office. 我刚才去邮局了。    Have you ever been to Hangzhou? 你曾经去过杭州吗?    Mary has never been to the Great Wall. 玛丽从未去过长城。   3. have(has) been to 后面可接次数,表示去过某地几次。如:    Ive been to Beijing three times. 我去过北京三次。    They have been to that village several times. 他们去过那个村庄好几次了。 4. have(has) gone to 意为“到某地去了”,表示到了某地或正在去某地的途中。 总之,说话时该人不在现场,一般不用第一、第二人称代词作句子的主语。如:    —Where is Tom? 汤姆在哪里? —He has gone to the bookshop.他到书店去了。   现在完成时巩固练习(二)   下列各句均有一处错误,请指出并改正。   1. So far we learned about six hundred English words.   2. Ive been in Australia twice. 3. —Have you had your lunch? —No yet. 接触八:常用于现在完成时的时间状语 除了我们讲过的already, yet, still,just, ever, never, since短语和 for短语外,还有许多时间 状语常用于现在完成时,我们要留心将它们和一般过去时的时间状语区分开来: 1. lately, recently是完成时的时间状语;just now 有a moment ago 之意,是过去时的时间状语。如: Have you heard from your family lately/recently? Did you see Joan just now? 2. in the past few years 意思是“过去几年来”,常用于完成时中; in the past意思是“在过去”,常用于过去时中。 如: Great changes have taken place in my hometown in the past few years. Where did you work in the past? 3. ever since then与from then on / after that 都有“打那以后”之意, 但前者常用于完成时,而后两者常用于过去时。如: Shes lived here ever since then.  I didn hear of Jim from then on/after that. 4. before 通常用于完成时;...ago通常用于过去时。如: I have never been to Japan before. She went to Japan two years ago. 5. so far“到目前为止”, these days“这些天来”也是现在完成时常见的时间状语。如: So far, no man has travelled farther than the moon. What have you done these days? 接触八:过去分词有规则与不规则两种。 规则的变化形式与动词的过去式一样。不规则就需要记忆了 不规则动词过去式和过去分词 A. 原型:过去式和过去分词完全不同 drink---drank----drunk ring----rang-----rung swim----swam----swum sing----sang----sung sink----sank----sunk blow----blew----blown grow----grew----grown know---knew---known fly----flew----flown take----took----taken shake----shook----shaken drive----drove----driven write---wrote---written rise---rose---risen ride----rode----ridde n speak----spoke----spoken steal----stole----stolen break----broke----broken wake----woke----woken freeze----froze----frozen forget----forgot----forgotten choose----chose----chosen draw----drew----drawn eat----ate----eaten fall----fell----fallen give----gave----given hide----hid----hidden do----did----done see----saw----seen B. 过去式与过去分词完全相同 bright----brought----brought fight----fought----fought buy----bought----bought catch----caught----caught sell----sold----sold tell----told----told say----said----said pay----paid----paid send----sent----sent lend----lent----lent