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中考英语语法专项复习：被动语态
英语动词有主动和被动两种语态。主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者,又叫施动者；被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者，又叫受动者。区分主动语态和被动语态，主要看主语是执行者还是承受者。如：
The flowers and grass should be watered .(____语态)
We should water the flowers and grass .(____语态)
◆一 构成
1.被动语态是由“助动词be +过去分词”构成的，助动词be有时态、人称和数的变化。Tom broke the cup .(主动语态) → The cup was broken by Tom .(被动语态)
2.被动语态有以下8种：
一般现在时：be(am / is are) +过去分词 Trees are planted in spring .
一般过去时：be(was / were) +过去分词 The house was built last year .
现在进行时：be(am / is are) + being +过去分词 The car is being repaired .
过去进行时：be(was / were) + being +过去分词
现在完成时：have / has + been +过去分词 The light has been turned off .
过去完成时：had + been +过去分词
一般将来时：will be +过去分词 Lei Feng will be remembered by us forever .
含情态动词的：情态动词+ be +过去分词 My homework can be finished in two hours .
3.被动语态常用于以下场合：
①不知道或没有必要说明动作的执行者是谁时。如：My bike was stolen yesterday .我的自行车昨天被偷了。
②强调动作的执行者时，使用“by +动作的执行者”。如：The pen was used by my father .这支钢笔是我父亲用过的。
※ 只有及物动词才有被动形式，不及物动词如rise / come / go / take / place / happen等，没有被动形式。
◆二 主动语态变被动语态的步骤
通常遵循以下三个步骤：
1． 把主动语态的宾语变成被动语态的主语。
2． 把主动语态的谓语动词变为与其时态相对应的被动形式，且与被动语态的主语保持人称和数的一致。
3． 将主动语态的主语变为介词by的宾语，置于句末。“by +宾语”在句中常省略。
主动语态：Many people speak English . 这里还需要连线！
被动语态：English . is spoken by many people .
如：Lu Xun wrote this book .→ This book was written by Lu Xun .这本书是鲁迅写的。
People are cutting down many trees now .→ Many trees are being cut down now .现在许多树正被砍伐。
◆三 主动语态和被动语态的转换
1.双宾语的被动形式
双宾语的句子在变为被动语态时，有两种变法：
① 如果把指人的间接宾语变为主语，那么指物的直接宾语保留不动。如：His teacher gave him a book .→He was given a book by his teacher . He has bought me a present .→I have been bought a present .
② 如果要将指物的直接宾语变为主语，那么动词后要用介词to / for，这个介词是由与其搭配的动词决定的。如：His teacher gave him a book .→A book was given to him by his teacher . He has bought me a present .→A present has been bought for me .
※ 常见的能接双宾语的动词有give / show / bring / lend / send等，这些词与介词to搭配；buy / make / draw等，这些词与介词for搭配。
2.动词短语的被动语态
许多不及物动词加上介词或副词后构成的短语动词相当于及物动词，是一个不可分割的整体，在变为被动语态时不能把短语动词分开，也不能漏掉短语动词中的介词或副词。 如：
① We should speak to old men politely .→Old men should be spoken to politely .
② He always takes care of his sister .→His sister is always taken care of (by him).
③ She turned off the radio .→The radio was turned off (by her).
3. 省略的to动词不定式用于被动语态
在主动语态中，一些表示感官或使役的动词，如hear / watch / see / feel / notice / listen to / look at / let /make / have和help等后面的宾语补足语是不带to的动词不定式，但句子在变为被动语态后要加to。如：
① He made the girl stay at home .→The girl was made to stay at home .
② We often hear her sing in the room .→She is often heard to sing in the room .
③ The boss made them work for 16 hours a day .→They were made to work for 16 hours a day (by the boss).
4. 主动形式表被动意义
① 动词need，want以及短语be（well）worth等后面常接动名词，以主动形式表示被动意义。如：
The room needs cleaning .这房子需要打扫。 The piece of music is worth listening to .这首曲子值得听。
② 某些表示主语质地、自身特征的动词，如write / wash / sell / clean / cook等，常和副词well或easily连用，用主动形式表示被动意义。如：
The cloth washes easily .这种布容易洗。 The pen writes well .这支笔很好用。
练习
一、用括号内所给动词的适当形式填空
1. Many TV sets ________ (make) every year in this factory .
2. All the exercises must ________ (finish) before class is over .
3. The PRC ________ (found) on October 1, 1949.
二、单项选择
1. English _____ by many countries, but Chinese people _____ Chinese.
A. is spoken; speak B. is spoken; are speak C. speaks; speak
2. They _____ a new school in the village now. It _____ before September this year .
A. are building; will be built B. are building; will build
C. are building; will built
3. If the small trees _____ , they will grow up quickly .
A. are taken good care of B. are taken good care C. take good care of
4. –Where did you go last night ?
–I _____ to Tom’s birthday party.
A. am invited B .was invited C. invited
5. These shirts _____ well , because they _____ nice .
A .are sold ; are looked B. sell ; look C. sell ; are looked
6. The flowers _____ every day , or they’ll die .
A. should be water B. must be watered C. must water
7. Don’t worry , Your son _____ .
A. must be find B. must be found C. must be found
8. –Your dress looks beautiful.
–Thank you .It _____ by my mother last year.
A. made B. is made C. was made
9. The window _____ last night, so it _____.
A. isn’t closed; was broken B. didn’t close; was broken
C. wasn’t closed; was broken
10. Most science books _____ in English.
A. are written B. is written C .wrote
11. Bob _____ by his boss.
A .was made to work B. was made work C. made to work
12. The little boy _____ Jack.
A. is called B. called C. is calling
13. Water _____ into ice.
A. can been changed B .can be changed C. can change
14. What _____ last night ?
A. was happening B. happened C. was happened
15. The Party _____ in 1921 .
A. is found B. was founded C .was found
答案：AAA BBB CCC AAA BBB
三、按要求改写句子，每空一词。
1. She made her son do his homework after supper. (改为被动语态)
Her son _____ _____ _____ _____ his homework after supper .
2. Is this game often played by them in the afternoon?( 改为主动语态)
_____ _____ often _____ this game in the afternoon ?
3. You can answer my question after you think it over.(改为同义句)
My question _____ _____ _____ after it is thought over .
四、翻译句子，每空一词。
1. 我的汽车出毛病了，需要修理。
Something is wrong with my car and it _____ _____ .
2. 老年人应该受到很好的照顾。
Old people should _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ .
3. 这个故事很值得听。
This story is well worth _____ _____ .
4. 昨天有人给他买了一个MP4。
An MP4 _____ _____ _____ him yesterday .